HVAC

HVAC engineering, or Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Engineering, is a mechanical service field. An HVAC mechanical engineer specializes in installing, maintaining, and repairing heating and cooling systems. Refrigeration service is sometimes included, so the position may also be titled as an HVACR engineer.
HVAC mechanics work in many environments, from residential homes to businesses and large buildings. The bigger the job, the more likely it is that an HVAC engineer will work as part of a team with other specialists, such as sheet metal workers and electricians. HVAC engineers cover all aspects of heating and cooling systems, including installation, maintenance, inspection, repairs, and general cleaning and servicing. Some engineers specialize in a specific area, such as radiant heating systems or solar panels.
These engineers typically work full-time and may have irregular hours. They can work for a servicing company or be self-employed, and depending on the job, they may be assigned to a specific worksite or attend to several service calls in one day.
HVAC engineers typically need at least a bachelor’s degree. They may obtain their degree in mechanical engineering or HVAC engineering technology. For those seeking the highest quality education who wish to someday become licensed Professional Engineers (PE), it’s important to attend an institution that is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
Successful HVAC engineers have personal characteristics in common to engineers in other subfields. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS 2019) lists the following skills as important:
Creativity
Listening
Mathematical reasoning
Mechanical ability
Problem-solving
The BLS advises that those who are proficient in the latest technology typically have the best job prospects.
PayScale (2020) reports that HVAC engineers who are project managers have higher salaries, followed by those who understand conservation and energy efficiency. System design is also a highly rewarded skill.
Please note that the following is only one path to become an HVAC engineer, and includes information about how to become licensed in mechanical engineering.
Having a Professional Engineer (PE) credential allows a mechanical engineer to work on publicly funded HVAC projects and may enhance his or her leadership and earning prospects. Rather than pursuing the PE license, other aspiring HVAC engineers may substitute additional years of hands-on experience or pursue other avenues. Here is one possible pathway into this high-growth profession:
Step 1: Obtain a high school diploma or GED (four years).
Aspiring HVAC engineers may excel at math and science in school, and are advised to seek out extracurricular activities in shop class, volunteering (or working) with local HVAC companies, or other opportunities related to the industry. Please note that admissions to four-year, ABET-accredited schools in mechanical engineering can be competitive, and students are encouraged to maintain a strong GPA (e.g., >3.0).
Step 2: Obtain an associate or bachelor’s degree in engineering (two to four years).
At this stage, a prospective HVAC engineer is encouraged to enroll in a two- to four-year program in mechanical engineering, HVAC engineering, or a related discipline.
In both associate and bachelor degree programs, students can expect to take courses such as energy calculations, air flow and balancing, air handling equipment, pumps and piping systems, psychometric analysis, and electrical load computation, among other classes.
For example, the Pennsylvania College of Technology offers a bachelor of science (BS) in HVAC design technology which exemplifies an entry-level degree into HVAC engineering; this degree programs typically takes four years to complete and includes courses such as the introduction to refrigeration, HVAC/R electricity, mechanical systems design and operation, residential HVAC system design, print reading and automated design, basic heating systems (installation), college algebra and trigonometry, warm-air heating and duct design, hydronic heating systems, several electives in commercial refrigeration, mechanics, and several general ed topics.
Alternatively, students at this stage can pursue a mechanical engineering (or related) degree and specialize in HVAC later on. For example, the University of Michigan offers an ABET-accredited bachelor’s of science in engineering (BSE) degree, including instruction in areas such as the introduction to solid mechanics, thermodynamics, design and manufacturing, heat transfer, and the mechanical behavior of materials, among many others.
The distinction between these two types of bachelor’s degrees is an important one: while many “technology” programs such as the one at Pennsylvania College feature a more practical, hands-on approach to the HVAC discipline, a degree in mechanical engineering tends to be more theoretical and can set a student up to learn about advanced design in the future.
Step 3: BSE graduates only – Take the Fundamentals in Engineering (FE) exam to become an Engineer in Training (EIT) or engineering intern near the time of graduation (less than one year).
Assuming the student pursued their BS in mechanical engineering, he or she is advised to take the FE exam to become an EIT. The FE exam is the first step in becoming a licensed engineer, and ultimately can qualify the professional to work on publicly funded projects in the future.
While becoming a Professional Engineer (PE) isn’t necessary to secure employment in HVAC engineering, it can enhance one’s candidacy for various projects and even qualify someone for higher salaries.

Step 4: Seek entry-level work experience (four years or more).
Following the completion of a degree and the FE exam (for BSE graduates), aspiring HVAC engineers are encouraged to seek out work opportunities to apply their skills. Depending on the state in which they live, they may have to register as HVAC apprentices to accrue hundreds of hours under a licensed journeyman-level contractor in order to qualify for their own credentialing.

Step 5: Optional – Obtain a graduate degree (or certificate) in engineering (one to two years).
At this stage, there are varied degrees the prospective HVAC engineer can pursue. For those who finished an HVAC technology undergraduate degree, earning a certificate may be advisable. For example, UC Berkeley Extension offers an in-depth certificate program in HVAC to impart the advanced principles of the discipline. Ideal for those with a BSE or prior HVAC experience, coursework includes HVAC ductwork and piping systems, HVAC control and energy management systems, system design considerations, and HVAC system load calculations and psychometry.
Other aspiring HVAC engineers may prefer a degree program, such as the online master of science (MS) in mechanical engineering available from the Penn State World Campus, which mentions preparation for HVAC specifically in its program description. The 32-credit program offers courses in heat transfer, the foundations of fluid mechanics, the principles of turbomachinery, automatic control systems, and engineering optimization, among others. Please note that this program is open only to graduates of an ABET-accredited undergraduate program.
Step 6: BSE graduates only – Take the Professional Engineering (PE) exam in mechanical engineering (HVAC and refrigeration).
As a final step toward licensure as a Professional Engineer (PE), experienced engineering professionals must take the eight-hour PE exam, which offers three subcategories of mechanical engineering, including one in HVAC and refrigeration. Please note that 69 percent of first-time test takers passed the December 2019 HVAC exam, according to the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying.
As a final note, those who wish to obtain specialty certifications, such as building energy assessment, can obtain those through the appropriate associations, which include:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Associated Air Balance Council
Green Building Certification Institute
National Fire Prevention Association
Association for Facilities Engineering